High voltage capacitors can stay dangerous for quite some time. I don't know if it is years, since that depends upon the leakage characteristics and how big the capacitors are. I think the "big" capacitors in PC PSU's are only 35V, but they may be big enough to deliver dangerous (to your heart) amounts of amperage. I'd be more worried about the capacitors in a monitor or TV, since they are much higher voltage and/or current. There's nothing in a PC that uses 10,000V.
To use a fan, simply touch the two lead wires from the fan to the two wires from the capacitor. Assuming you didn't just fry your fan with a 35V or more shock from a large capacitor... the fan will bleed off the electrical energy stored in the capacitor.
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