As long as your peltier is rated HIGHER than the wattge that your CPU is putting out you will be ok. Try to get about 130%-150% of what your processor is putting out. EG If your processor puts out 50 watts, then you will want a peltier rated around 75 watts at 15 volts. They provide less cooling at 12 volts so you would need an even larger peltier.
The reason it would overheat is that a peltier doesnt "create" cold, it just moves a certain amount of heat. If the CPU is putting out more heat than the peltier can remove then the peltier heats up, which in turn causes the CPU to heat up, which causes blue smoke to be realeased!
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