A normal fan you have a PC is axial because the air blows down the axis of the fan, i.e. the axis the blades spin around.
A radial fan the airflow is along the radius of the fan, eg at right angles to the axis. Generally you have a fan with blades aligned more towards the axis than a axial fan - they scopps are and throw it outwards, you then have a hole in the housing that the air rushes out. Air is sucked in the front like a normal fan and thrown out the side is the effect. The back is usually solid.
Advantages are that the air comes out more smoothly than an axial fan which tends to spiral the airflow. Also you can mount a bigger motor as it's not in the airflow path.
As for particale filters, I'd imagine they'd have the same effect on airflow as for an axial fan, what that is I couldn't say.
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